Depression - types, causes + symptoms
Depressed mood or depression
Everyone goes through tough times at different points in their lives and feels down or sad. The term depression is sometimes used to describe the normal sadness or low mood people feel if they've had to cope with a stressful event or problem, such as the death of a loved one or a relationship break-up.
Depression is also the name for an illness that is more severe than normal sadness, lasts longer than two weeks, and interferes with other parts of your life, such as work, school or relationships.
What causes depression or a depressed mood?
Sometimes depression or a depressed mood may have no apparent cause and sometimes it may be caused by a number of factors (by themselves or in combination), such as:
- Genetics or a history of depression within your family.
- Biochemical - In normal brain functioning, neurotransmitters (which regulate mood) jump from one nerve cell to the next, with the signal being as strong in the second and subsequent cells as it was in the first. For people who have depression, the mood regulating neurotransmitters fail to function normally, meaning that the signal is either depleted or disrupted before passing on to the next nerve cell, thus resulting in a lowering of your mood. In non-melancholic depression, it's likely that the transmission of serotonin (which improves mood) is reduced or less active, whereas in people with melancholic and psychotic depression, the neurotransmitters noradrenaline and dopamine are more likely to have failed or be functioning abnormally.
- A stressful event or chain of events such as a family break-up, abuse, ongoing bullying at school, rape, a death, a relationship break up, family conflict.
- Personality style - Certain personality types are more at risk of depression than others. This includes people who tend to be anxious, have low self-esteem, are perfectionists or are shy.
- Having a baby (called post-natal depression).
- Other mental illnesses such as schizophrenia.
Symptoms of depression or a depressed mood
People experience depression or a depressed mood in different ways, depending on the type of depression and individual differences. Common symptoms across all types of depression include:
Mood
- feeling sad, moody or crap
- feeling hopeless or helpless
- feeling numb or empty
- feeling anxious
- feeling guilty and blaming yourself
- unable to feel good or enjoy things that you do normally.
Thinking
- being overly self-critical
- believing you can't cope and that things are out of your control
- difficulty making decisions and thinking clearly
- poor concentrating and memory
- thinking about suicide or ending your life.
Behaviour
- lack of motivation and energy
- crying a lot
- losing interest in activities you usually enjoy
- withdrawing from your friends and family or being overly dependent on them
- increased use of alcohol or other drugs
- losing your temper more than usual.
Physical
- loss of appetite or over-eating
- changes in sleep patterns - difficulty getting to sleep, waking up in the middle of the night or sleeping for longer
- headaches or stomach aches
- feeling physically sick
- lack of interest in sex.
Everyone experiences some of these feelings or behaviours from time to time. However, for people experiencing depression the feelings might be more severe and they do not go away over time.
If you are concerned that you are experiencing depression it is a good idea to see your local doctor or a psychologist. They should be able to help you make a diagnosis and provide you with the support for managing your depression.
Types of depression
There are different types of depression, each of them have their own symptoms, causes and treatments.
Non-melancholic depression
Non-melancholic depression (also called major or clinical depression) is the most common type of depression and affects one in four females and one in six males over their lifetime.
Non-melancholic means that the main cause of the depression is psychological factors, not biological factors. This type of depression usually occurs in response to a specific or series of stressful events and usually lifts when the stressful event is resolved or removed, or through learning and developing helpful coping strategies.
Non-melancholic depression can be hard to diagnose because it doesn't have the defining characteristics of other types of depression (such as impaired mental functioning, physical disturbance, or psychotic features).
Symptoms may include:
- A depressed mood or sadness for more than two weeks.
- Loss of pleasure, interest and productivity in most things, including social activities, relationships and work, school or uni.
- Constant low mood over the course of the day.
Non-melancholic depression responds well to different sorts of treatments, including psychotherapies, counselling and antidepressants, depending on the original cause and your personality.
Melancholic depression
Melancholic depression is a more severe depression than non-melancholic depression and is primarily caused by biological factors. It is an uncommon type of depression, affecting only around 1-2% of the population and roughly the same number of males and females. It can occur on its own (unipolar) or as part of bipolar disorder.
Symptoms include:
- slowed or agitated physical movements
- slowed or impaired mental (cognitive) processing, e.g. poor concentration and memory
- insomnia or disrupted of sleep
- loss of appetite and energy
- mood and energy worse in the morning (e.g. extreme difficulty in getting out of bed or leaving the house)
- loss of pleasure, interest and productivity in most things, including social activities, relationships and work, school or uni.
This type of depression responds best to physical treatments, such as antidepressants, and does not usually go away on its own.
Psychotic depression
Psychotic depression is a severe form of depression and is less common than either melancholic or non-melancholic depression.
The defining symptoms are:
- more severely depressed mood than other types of depression
- hallucinations (e.g. hearing voices)
- delusions (e.g. extreme or false beliefs of guilt, shame, poverty or illness)
- more severe psychomotor disturbances.
Psychotic depression does not usually go away on its own. It responds only to physical treatments (such as antidepressant drugs).
Depression + wanting to end your life
For some people, a symptom of depression may include the feeling of wanting to end their life.
If you are feeling suicidal, it's important that you keep yourself safe - check out the Wanting to end your life fact sheet for more information on what you can do to keep yourself safe.
Try to remember that thoughts about taking your life are just thoughts. They do not mean you have to act on them, no matter how overwhelming they are or how often you have them. They also don't mean that you will always have those thoughts.
Everyone goes through tough times and experience times when things seem hopeless. It is possible to get through these times by creating your own 'tool kit' of coping strategies, which you can use when you're feeling suicidal or when you feel a hopeless outlook on life.
If you know someone is having suicidal thoughts, encourage them to seek help. Let them know that if you think they will hurt themself then you will have to tell someone. If they are scared about telling someone else you can offer to go with them for support. Check out the If your friend threatens to take their own life fact sheet for more info.
Getting help for depression
Lifeline is now online. If you are experiencing a personal crisis, Lifeline can help.
Click here to access crisis support chat now
There are a number of things you can do to help you manage your depression. Try to remember that this may take time and there may be good days and not so good days. For more information about some of the ways to help manage depression, you may want to check out the Depression - management and treatment options fact sheet.
Other people have made it through - and you can too! Read stories from other people who have dealt with depression and other mood disorders.
- Depression in the family (Video)
- Even in the darkest moments there is light
- Depression - management + treatment (Fact Sheet)
Email this page
Not a member?
Join Reach Out to access a range of great member features.
Forgot your password?

30 Comments (Page 1 of 6)
Log in to join the conversation. Join Reach Out.
Amber080695
2 months ago
Reply ReportCassie and bee-
unknownn
2 months ago
Reply ReportHey Jess,
(I don't mean to sound rude or anything) but if crying is not a weak thing than why does everyone always make such a fuss out of someone when they are crying?
Thanks Jess,
-Bee
x.jess
2 months ago
Reply ReportHey Bee,
I reckon you've raised a lot of good points there--showing emotion can be a really good and really positive thing. A lot of people (I know I definitely do) get caught up in the whole crying is weak thing--it's not. I've heard that crying can actually make you feel better because it releases a whole bunch of happy hormones.
Also, a lot of the times, emotions don't always have reasons--they just are. Unfortunately, they sometimes do have a life of their own, so it's important to have a GP or someone you trust to chat to and keep perspective. Friends can be good, and sometimes they don't understand--but you can explain the issue to them. You can tell them a bit about what it's like--when I tell my friends what I'm going through, I often tell them it's like being underwater, or it's like floating--it puts it in more tangible terms, but everyone has a different technique.
I hope this helps, and remember, Bee--it's totally okay to be confused, just always remember that there are people around who you can talk to!
Take care,
Jess (:
unknownn
2 months ago
Reply ReportHey Amber,
I know how you feel, it's terrible. most of what you say is right down to a key how I feel...
Someone once told me that it was good that I cried, cause I was showing emotion.. I'm not sure what the point was but anyway. & then today I was told by a teacher that she often cried over somethings, & this came from one of the teaches which I thought was the happiest, strongest & most resilient. Again 'm not sure of the point of that exactly so yehh...
But I totally get what you mean by not being able to control your own emotions, & then making things up to try & justify the reason for how your feeling, I know myself I quiet often do that so your not alone on that point.
Also friends can be great for support, but unless they themsel have goen through what you are, they really don't understand.
I hope what I've said helps in any form of way... (rather confused myself about everything right now so yeh...) Bee
Cassie :)
2 months ago
Reply ReportHi Amber,
Amber080695
2 months ago
Reply ReportI feel so pathetic writing on here but I don't know what else to do anymore. I can't cope. I feel so lost and I cry all the time. Mostly for no reason at all, and when I know the reason it's usually that I feel so pathetic and worthless for not being able to control my emotions. It got to the point where I even make things up to try and justify reasons why I might be feeling the way I am. In ways it's good because it makes me feel okay for a little while, but then I just feel so stupid for having to do things like that. Who does that? Sometimes I feel so empty and Emotionally numb, to the point where I get angry at myself for not feeling anything. Sometimes this goes on for days. I tried cutting to make myself feel something. Anything, but that also worked as a relief for those times when I had so much emotion built up that it was overwhelming an I wanted to feel any pain to distract me from the pain that I had inside. I've never felt a hurt like this before and I don't even know why. I tried talking to my best friend, and she listens but I know she doesn't understand, and she can't help so it's not fair to burden her anymore. I know no one will read this and I feel so stupid for doing this, but I don't know what else to do. I was never this person. This isn't me and I don't know how to make this go away.
gphelps
3 months ago
Reply ReportHey broken angel,
broken angel
3 months ago
Reply Reporti think i could have melancholic depression. should i get help?
Randomness
4 months ago
Reply ReportHey unknownn,
unknownn
4 months ago
Reply ReportHey Gail,
im sick of always going downhill, how do i stop it? i should probably talk to a counsellor or someone but i just don't know how... it sounds stupid but i don't,
gphelps
4 months ago
Reply ReportHey unknownn,
unknownn
4 months ago
Reply ReportHey Gail,
I dont know, everything is just so confusing..
I'm not really sure who to tell, i don't want to tell someone who wont be able to support or help me, or who will judge and treat me differently
I used to love drawing and art, but now I don’t, my drawings never come out how I want - and that only makes me feel worse.
I'm getting into photography quiet a lot, I'll take about 100 or so photos then a week or two latter I'll choose another area or feature piece…
Reading through that page has given me a few ideas, some I'll most likely do, and others not so much.
I'm feeling good now, but I know latter on it wont be so. Is it normal to be up and down over the day, like be up and feeling good one minute but then a while latter feel like crap?
wishing things would go back to normal - what ever normal is...
gphelps
5 months ago
Reply ReportHey unknownn,
unknownn
5 months ago
Reply ReportHey Gail,
i know it doesn't last forever, but i have a feeling that nothing will pick up for a while that i'll be in a constant low mood for ages...
i haven't really told anyone (except one of my friends who has bad depression and other problems), and eveyone else just seems untrusting, like they don't care. im so confused, they'll seem like they care one moment but then they turn around and act as if they dont..
when im down i usually write things down when im down (if im alone otherwise i just space out), it used to be it and i'd feel better by writting it all out, but it doesn't seem to have any effect anymore...
gphelps
5 months ago
Reply ReportHey unknownn,
unknownn
5 months ago
Reply Reportand to think 5 days ago life seemed great...
gphelps
5 months ago
Reply ReportHey unknownn,
unknownn
5 months ago
Reply Reportthanks Gail and Randomness,
i have thought of going and seeing the consellor at school, (the old one we had) but i can never rbing myself to, and cause we are linked in with the other govenment high school in town, shes onyl there half the time, so its hit and miss....
i have used the online counselling at headspace before when i was down and it helped to get stuff off my chest :)
and i don't want to go to a gp in town, its almost impossible to get in, and i always go to a different one each time i've needed a check up (physical stuff, not mental issues.. [sounds so insane saying that])
im on a good par now, but i think its cause im slowly changing the way im thinking [most of the time it works]
gphelps
5 months ago
Reply ReportHey Laura Jayne,
laura-jayne
5 months ago
Reply ReportI think I may have (Non-melancholic) depression. I have most of these symptom. What should I do to get help? Thanks.
Cassie :)
5 months ago
Reply ReportHey unknownn,
gphelps
5 months ago
Reply ReportHey unknownn,
unknownn
5 months ago
Reply ReportHey Cassie
he pretty much just asked me if i had ever been to a counsellor before then started going on about the school certificate, he was no use (but at the time i didn't believe that there was anything wrong with me), and he just fobbed it off as nothing.
right now, i feel as though life is the lowest its been my whole life, and nothing half stressfull is happening.. i feel so unsure of how i am really.. its so stupid to be down for no reason... just over life..
gphelps
5 months ago
Reply ReportHey Jennifer101,
Cassie :)
5 months ago
Reply ReportHey unknownn,
unknownn
5 months ago
Reply Reportreading this fact sheet makes me think that maybe my teach was right at the start of the year when she sent me to the conselor cause she though i was depressed...
i do have some of the symptoms of melancholic depression...
Randomness
6 months ago
Reply ReportIt is easy to feel alone, but remember that you are never as alone as you think. Although sometimes you can't see it, there is always someone out there that cares!
rainbowzebras
7 months ago
Reply ReportI feel so alone...
Jennifer101
5 months ago
Reply ReportHi El,
I know exactly how you feel.
I am in the exact same situation, I only harm myself differently,
I know it sounds ridiculous but talking helps.
Although, there is always something that you just can't say, that is the great thing about Reachout.
You can say whatever you want and no one will judge you, and you can get the help you need.
I feel exactly like you do, pathetic and useless.
I hate myself and see no purpose in me living.
Unlike you, part of the reason is to make my family suffer for making my life so miserable. I know it isnt their fault but i can't help but blame you.
I doubt that this has helped,
I am usually quite useless and nothing i say is ever important.
Although, i hope you at least feel that you are not alone any more.
Talk to me anytime you need to,
el
9 months ago
Reply ReportI don't know whether I have depression or not. I do fit into a lot of those symptoms- A LOT, but I can't tell if it's just me jumping to conclusions? I don't know. I just want an explanation as to why I'm like this.
I get upset every now and then, but then, at times, it can become really overwhelming and everything just feels horrible and I kind of lose the will to live. I don't cut regularly, but I have before. It's kind of a punishment for myself, for being so pathetic. It feels good.
I hate myself, more than anything in this world, and the only reason I've held on for so long is because of my family, and how I know they'd be upset. But what will happen if we ever lose touch, like so many other families? What will I do if my parents or siblings die? They are literally the only things I care about, but I still treat them like dirt, because I don't deserve to be here. I don't know why I do. I don't know why I'm here, I don't have a purpose.
I have a friend who knows some parts of this, but I don't like telling her anything because I know it'd be horrible to get hit with all this information. She can't help anyway, so I don't see the point in upsetting her.
I can't tell my family, because they'd think I was just being a drama queen. Perhaps I am, but I do think about suicide often. Sometimes even get up to go do it, but then end up in tears. I wish I was strong enough to do it, but I can't do that to my family. I wish I never existed so I didn't have to upset anyone in the first place.
It's become an everyday thing just putting up with these depressed moods, and it's ruining my life. I can't think of anyone I can go to who wouldn't judge me, or freak out and tell someone else. I don't want to be a trouble maker. I just want to die :(
I'm useless and pathetic, please help me.